نشریه پیشرفت های مالی و سرمایه گذاری
پیاپی 4 (پاییز 1400)

Green management as a modern management method in the organization by creating a proper policy environment, recommends control and use of green technologies on the inputs and outputs of the organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between green management and sustainable performance. Because the petrochemical industry creates a very dangerous type of pollution due to its feed and product, which seriously harms human health and environmental health, so in this study to investigate the relationship between green management and sustainable performance of active companies Was addressed in the petrochemical industry. The research method is analytical survey. The statistical population of the study includes 16 petrochemical companies in Khuzestan province. Using Cochran's formula, 190 managers, supervisors and employees were selected by stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, the reliability of which was assessed by Cronbach's alpha method and the combined method and its validity was evaluated by the mean variance extracted. The results obtained using structural analysis method showed that green management has a significant positive relationship with economic performance, environmental performance and social performance and the intensity of the relationship between green management and environmental performance is more than the other two dimensions of sustainable performance.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of personality traits on risk perception with regard to the mediating role of risk appetite among investors in the Mashhad Stock Exchange. Because the perception of risk and willingness to risk and the type of risk exposure in different people are affected by the personality traits of different people, In this study, 5 hypotheses have been designed that by referring to 54 brokerages located in Mashhad, the number of community members was estimated at 411 people. Based on this Cochran's formula and the relations between them, the sample size of 117 people was determined. The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that only the characteristics of extroversion and personality openness of individuals through their willingness to risk affect their risk perception and the characteristics of neuroticism, conscientiousness and adaptation of individuals through willingness. Their risk does not affect their perception of risk.

When auditors see an abnormal fluctuation in profit over the previous year, they will perceive it as an audit risk. Therefore, in their response to the perceived risk, there will be more effort and attention. They increase their audits to the same level, and this affects the audit fee. Management transactions, on the other hand, are part of the transactions with affiliates that companies make with the main managers of the business unit or their close relatives, and so far it has received less attention in the research literature and can affect the relationship between profit fluctuations and audit fees. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of management transactions on the relationship between annual earnings fluctuations and audit fees in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. EViews statistical software was used for statistical analysis. In this research, 150 companies (1050 years of company) were selected to test the research hypotheses between 2013 and 2020.To test the research hypotheses with data consolidated from multiple linear regression analyzes were used. In general, the summary of the results of testing the research hypotheses shows that annual profit fluctuations have a significant positive effect on the audit fees of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results also showed that managerial transactions increase the positive relationship between annual earnings fluctuations and audit fees of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic uncertainty criteria on the relationship between financial statement comparability and stocks price crash risk in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To measure stocks price crash risk, the criterion of negative stock skewness was used and to measure economic uncertainty, three indicators of inflation rate changes, exchange rate changes and economic growth rate changes were used. For this purpose, data related to 119 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period between 2014 to 2020 have been analyzed. The research regression model has been investigated and tested using the panel data method with a random effects approach. The results showed that in conditions of economic uncertainty, stocks price crash risk increased and economic uncertainty criteria moderate the negative relationship between financial statement comparability and stocks price crash risk. In addition, the results showed that improving the quality of financial statement comparability facilitates investors 'access to some information not disclosed by company managers, and therefore managers' motivation to accumulate bad news is reduced, resulting in stocks price crash risk. The effect of the sudden release of bad news is reduced.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the regime dependence and the cyclic contagion of exchange rate and stock prices volatility with emphasis on the economic boom and busts. For this purpose, first, using the Markov switching-EGARCH method, the time series of conditional volatility of exchange rate and stock market returns are estimated and extracted, contagion, spillover between markets and their regime dependence in the boom and bust in 2010 -2020 has been analyzed and studied. The results show that: 1. Estimation of conditional volatility by Markov switching-EGARCH method is more efficient than traditional GARCH methods. 2. The volatility dependence between stock markets and foreign exchange is more severe during periods of recession than during periods of boom. 3. The rate of volatility spillover from the foreign exchange market to the stock market is greater than the rate of spillover of volatility from stocks to foreign exchange. 4. The spillover of volatility from the foreign exchange market to the stock market in the regime of booms and recession is not significantly different. 5. In a regime of economic booms, the rate of volatility spillover from the stock market to the foreign exchange market is greater than that occurs in a regime of recession. Therefore, the volatility of exchange rate and stock prices in Iran are dependent on the regime of the economy, and also the spillover between them in these two regimes is different.

Distributions such as Bose-Einstein, Maxwell Boltzmann, Lag Normal, and exponential had been used to describe income of the low- and middle sections of society. The Pareto distribution also had been used to describe the income of the wealthy section of society. Due to the complexity of these models, it is difficult to estimate macroeconomic indicators. Also, one of other disadvantage of these models is non-uniformity for all income levels. In this study, the cumulative logistic and Fermi-Dirac distribution had been used for two categories of rural and urban data sets in the Iranian economy between 2009 to 2019. The results were shown that the proposed model was perfected for all income levels in rural and urban areas at different times very well and covers all parts of the income distribution. Interpretation of Dirac Fermi distribution parameters and the correlation and significant relationship of these parameters with macroeconomic indicators show the superiority of Dirac Fermi distribution compared to logistics distribution.

 This research comprehensively reviews academic research related to auditor independence and audit quality in order to provide a framework for evaluating the impact of auditor independence on audit quality.

 This research is based on the review of articles published in the last years in nine prominent and international journals related to auditing and accounting, including journals:Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory- Accounting, Organizations and Society- Contemporary Accounting Research- Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance- Journal of Accounting and Economics- Journal of Accounting and Public Policy- Journal of Accounting Research- Review of Accounting Studies- The Accounting Review, in order to examine the main issues that threaten the auditor's independence. Therefore, the present study is considered among the review studies.

 The findings of the research show that the four main issues that threaten the auditor's independence are: a- the importance (influence) of the employer b- non-audit services c- the auditor's tenure and d- the employer's affiliation with auditing institutions. For each of these threats, the findings related to the motivations, perceptions, and behaviors of the auditor and the owner, as well as the effects of each threat on the real and tangible quality of audits and financial reports, have been discussed in detail.

Originality/Value:

 In addition to the development of literature and theoretical foundations related to auditor independence and audit quality, the findings of this research provide a framework for evaluating the impact of auditor independence on audit quality. The indicators presented in the present study can provide opportunities for further research on auditor independence and audit quality.